What is Narcissistic Personality disorder (NPD)

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder


Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior characterized by self-centeredness, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance.

It is one of several different types of personality disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which many mental health professionals use to diagnose this and other disorders.

The disorder causes significant impairments in personality in terms of functioning and is accompanied by several other pathological personality traits. As with other personality disorders, this condition negatively impacts life in various areas, including social, family, and work relationships.

Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder


  • The belief that one is unique or special and should only associate with other people of the same status
  • The constant need for attention, affirmation, and praise
  •  exaggerated sense of one's own abilities and achievements
  • Exploiting other people for personal gain 
  • feeling envious of others, or believing that others are envious of them
  •  lack of empathy for other
  •  persistent fantasies about attaining success and power
  • Preoccupation with power or success 
  • sense of entitlement and expectation of special treatment

You may be able to recognize whether someone has NPD by looking for some of these signs. People with narcissistic personality disorder are typically described as arrogant, conceited, self-centered, and haughty. Because they imagine themselves as superior to others, they often insist on possessing items that reflect a successful lifestyle.

Despite this exaggerated self-image, they are reliant on constant praise and attention to reinforce their self-esteem. As a result, those with narcissistic personality disorder are usually very sensitive to criticism, which is often viewed as a personal attack.

Diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder


An official diagnosis can only be made by a qualified mental health professional and requires that the individual show impairments in personality functioning in various domains, including a grandiose sense of self-importance and interpersonal difficulties with attention-seeking, empathy, and intimacy.

 Various questionnaires and personality tests may be used to help get greater insight into a person's symptoms. Tests commonly used to diagnose narcissistic personality disorder include the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). 

Impairments in personality function and expression of personality traits must also be stable over time and across different situations; must not be typical for the individual's culture, environment, or stage of development; and must not be due to the direct influence of substance use or a general medical condition.

 Causes of Narcissistic Personality 

  • Disorder Abuse or trauma
  • Excessive praise
  • Lack of an authentically validating environment
  • Parental overindulgence
  • Unreliable parenting

Types of Narcissistic Personality Disorder


  • Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy can be effectively used to treat narcissistic personality disorder, although the process can be potentially difficult and lengthy.
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often effective to help individuals change destructive thought and behavior patterns. The goal of treatment is to alter distorted thoughts and create a more realistic self-image.
  •  Psychotropic medications are generally ineffective for long-term change but are sometimes used to treat symptoms of anxiety or depression.

Coping With Narcissistic Personality Disorder


  • Learn to recognize narcissistic behaviors. People with NPD may engage in abusive actions such as gaslighting that are meant to manipulate other people's feelings and actions. Knowing how to recognize these behaviors is the first step toward dealing with them more effectively.
  • Set clear boundaries. Don't allow the other person to direct angry, abusive, or extreme behaviors toward you. Set limits and be willing to enforce them, even if it means ending the relationship.
  • Talk to others. Sometimes, it can be difficult to recognize behaviors that are abusive when they have become normalized within your relationship. Having friends, family members, or a therapist to help you understand the dynamics of your relationship can help you better learn to identify when the person with NPD has crossed a line.


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